Linux Archives - erol.name

28. 08. 202028. 08. 2020

PHPMailer plugin in Organizr is not working

Even if you disabled TLS in the Organizr configuration page, if your mail server advertises that it supports TLS PHPMailer will try to use it, which will fail.

In order to resolve this edit file api/plugins/php-mailer.php and add after line 127 following:

$mail->SMTPAutoTLS = false;

Now sending emails should work without TLS usage.

13. 07. 202013. 07. 2020

Manually add files and folders to ownCloud

There are many ways to add files to your ownCloud:

FTP Upload
SCP Upload
Local disk to ownCloud disk transfer
USB disk to ownCloud disk transfer.

But it can be pretty slow and painful process if you are adding large number of files.

Easier way is to copy the files directly to your ownCloud data directory and scan them in order to be properly added and indexed by ownCloud.

First in order to do that you need to find the “occ” command which is usually found in the root of your owncloud web directory for example /www/owncloud/occ.

Then you copy your files and folders to the data directory where your personal files are located, it could be something like /owncloud/[USERNAME]/files/.

When your files are in the new location then you need to start the scan:

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/owncloud/occ files:scan --all

Depending on the amount of files you are adding this can take some time, and will print out the results when finished.

That’s it your files and folders are now manually added to your ownCloud.

29. 06. 202029. 06. 2020

Use wget to download entire web site for local browsing

wget \
     --recursive \
     --no-clobber \
     --page-requisites \
     --html-extension \
     --convert-links \
     --restrict-file-names=windows \
     --domains www.ffd2.com \
     --no-parent \
         http://www.ffd2.com/fridge/chacking/

This command downloads the web site http://www.ffd2.com/fridge/chacking/.

The options are:

–recursive: download the entire Web site.
–domains www.ffd2.com: don’t follow links outside www.ffd2.com.
–no-parent: don’t follow links outside the directory fridge/chacking/.
–page-requisites: get all the elements that compose the page (images, CSS and so on).
–html-extension: save files with the .html extension.
–convert-links: convert links so that they work locally, off-line.
–restrict-file-names=windows: modify filenames so that they will work in Windows as well.
–no-clobber: don’t overwrite any existing files (used in case the download is interrupted and resumed).

30. 04. 202030. 04. 2020

Openstack orchestration

Colection of Openstack resources that work together as three-tier application is called a stack. Stack uses openstack resources like instances, networks, volumes and objects, and other elements. The application runs on a stack.

Stack can be set-up via CLI or Horizon GUI which will send API request to various Openstack services (Keystone, Nova, Neutron, Cinder, Swift, Glance …).

Heat is the Openstack orchestration service that sends these API requests automatically. Stack description is taken by heat and interpreted to API requests. Heat accepts AWS Cloudformation templates written in JSON, but heat has it’s own native format called Heat Orchestration Template (HOT) based on YAML.

Create simple stack with heat orchestration template:

heat_template_version: newton

resources:
   myserver:
      type: OS::Nova::Server
      properties:
         config_drive: true
         key_name: 'erol-keypair'
         image: 'cirros-image'
         flavor: 1
         networks:
           - network: 'private_network'

Validate
`openstack orchestration template validate --template simple-stack.yaml`
If everything is ok, there will be no errors shown:
`Description: No description Parameters: {}`
Create stack:
`openstack stack create -t simple-stack.yaml simple-stack`

+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field               | Value                                |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id                  | c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 |
| stack_name          | simple-stack                         |
| description         | No description                       |
| creation_time       | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z                 |
| updated_time        | None                                 |
| stack_status        | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS                   |
| stack_status_reason | Stack CREATE started                 |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+

List stacks to check if it has finished creating:
`openstack stack list`

+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+--------------+
| ID                                   | Stack Name   | Stack Status    | Creation Time        | Updated Time |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+--------------+
| c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 | simple-stack | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z | None         |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+--------------+

List all resources belonging to the stack:
`openstack stack resource list simple-stack`

+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| resource_name | physical_resource_id                 | resource_type    | resource_status | updated_time         |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| myserver      | d6d86e6d-d904-4f90-90af-8efebf45aea2 | OS::Nova::Server | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+

Change server name in simple-stack.yaml:
`myserver`	;
to:
`server`
Update the stack:
`openstack stack update -t simple-stack.yaml.1 simple-stack`*

* Changing the resource name of the server will delete old instance and create new instance with new resource_name.

+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field               | Value                                |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id                  | c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 |
| stack_name          | simple-stack                         |
| description         | No description                       |
| creation_time       | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z                 |
| updated_time        | 2020-04-30T13:14:59Z                 |
| stack_status        | UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS                   |
| stack_status_reason | Stack UPDATE started                 |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+

Check if stack was updated successfuly:
`openstack stack list`

+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| ID                                   | Stack Name   | Stack Status    | Creation Time        | Updated Time         |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 | simple-stack | UPDATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z | 2020-04-30T13:14:59Z |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+

Check if resource list was updated:
`openstack stack resource list simple-stack`

+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| resource_name | physical_resource_id                 | resource_type    | resource_status | updated_time         |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| server        | 62d20902-ee6c-40a0-bdc6-e38ed81fdf7c | OS::Nova::Server | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:14:59Z |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+

Change network in simple-stack.yaml.1:
`network: 'private_network'`
to:
`network: 'external_network'`

openstack stack update -t simple-stack.yaml.2 simple-stack
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field               | Value                                |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id                  | c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 |
| stack_name          | simple-stack                         |
| description         | No description                       |
| creation_time       | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z                 |
| updated_time        | 2020-04-30T13:39:28Z                 |
| stack_status        | UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS                   |
| stack_status_reason | Stack UPDATE started                 |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
openstack stack resource list simple-stack
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| resource_name | physical_resource_id                 | resource_type    | resource_status | updated_time         |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| server        | 62d20902-ee6c-40a0-bdc6-e38ed81fdf7c | OS::Nova::Server | UPDATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:39:31Z |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+

Retrieve all parameter functions supported by Openstack version:

openstack orchestration template version list
+--------------------------------------+------+
| version                              | type |
+--------------------------------------+------+
| AWSTemplateFormatVersion.2010-09-09  | cfn  |
| HeatTemplateFormatVersion.2012-12-12 | cfn  |
| heat_template_version.2013-05-23     | hot  |
| heat_template_version.2014-10-16     | hot  |
| heat_template_version.2015-04-30     | hot  |
| heat_template_version.2015-10-15     | hot  |
| heat_template_version.2016-04-08     | hot  |
| heat_template_version.2016-10-14     | hot  |
+--------------------------------------+------+
openstack orchestration template function list heat_template_version.2016-10-14
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| functions       | description                                                             |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| list_join       | A function for joining one or more lists of strings.                    |
| if              | A function to return corresponding value based on condition evaluation. |
| yaql            | A function for executing a yaql expression.                             |
| digest          | A function for performing digest operations.                            |
| get_attr        | A function for resolving resource attributes.                           |
| repeat          | A function for iterating over a list of items.                          |
| resource_facade | A function for retrieving data in a parent provider template.           |
| map_replace     | A function for performing substitutions on maps.                        |
| str_replace     | A function for performing string substitutions.                         |
| get_resource    | A function for resolving resource references.                           |
| map_merge       | A function for merging maps.                                            |
| str_split       | A function for splitting delimited strings into a list.                 |
| get_param       | A function for resolving parameter references.                          |
| get_file        | A function for including a file inline.                                 |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Parameters can be provided via command line with
--parameter imgname=cirros-image keyname=erol-keypair
Or combine several parameters under one option:
--parameter "imgname=cirros-image; keyname=erol-keypair"

If you have a lot of parameters it is probably better to put them in a file again in YAML format, with single parameters key and parameter key value pairs under that key. For example create myparameters.yaml file with following contents:

parameters:
   keyname: erol-keypair
   imgname: cirros-image

You can now use –enviroment option to include the parameter keypairs from your file to the heat orchestration template.

Contents of parameters-stack.yaml:

heat_template_version: newton

parameters:
  keyname:
    type: string
    default: erol-keypair
    description: .....
  imgname:
    type: string

resources:
   server:
      type: OS::Nova::Server
      properties:
         config_drive: true
         key_name: { get_param: keyname }
         image: { get_param: imgname }
         flavor: 1
         networks:
           - network: 'private_network'

You can create your new stack with new template and parameters file:

openstack stack create myfirststack --template parameters-stack.yaml -e myparameters.yaml
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field               | Value                                |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id                  | ccc6b0a3-f690-479b-87fd-d36b1077f53c |
| stack_name          | myfirststack                         |
| description         | No description                       |
| creation_time       | 2020-04-30T14:08:58Z                 |
| updated_time        | None                                 |
| stack_status        | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS                   |
| stack_status_reason | Stack CREATE started                 |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
[root@packstack ~(keystone_admin)]# openstack stack list
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| ID                                   | Stack Name   | Stack Status    | Creation Time        | Updated Time         |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| ccc6b0a3-f690-479b-87fd-d36b1077f53c | myfirststack | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:08:58Z | None                 |
| c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 | simple-stack | UPDATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z | 2020-04-30T13:39:28Z |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
openstack stack resource list myfirststack
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| resource_name | physical_resource_id                 | resource_type    | resource_status | updated_time         |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| server        | e7378fa5-ed43-48eb-b00e-17952d4aad97 | OS::Nova::Server | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:08:59Z |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+

Create a modified version of your HOT file called linking-stack.yaml:

heat_template_version: newton

parameters:
  keyname:
    type: string
    default: erol-keypair
    description: .....
  imgname:
    type: string

resources:
   fip:
     type: OS::Nova::FloatingIP
     properties:
       pool: external_network
   fip_assoc:
     type: OS::Nova::FloatingIPAssociation
     properties:
       server_id: { get_resource: server }
       floating_ip: { get_resource: fip }

   server:
      type: OS::Nova::Server
      properties:
         config_drive: true
         key_name: { get_param: keyname }
         image: { get_param: imgname }
         flavor: 1
         networks:
           - network: 'private_network'
outputs:
   fip_address:
      description: Floating IP address value
      value:
         get_attr: [ fip, ip ]

Create a modified version of your HOT file called linking-stack.yaml:

openstack stack create linkstack --template linking-stack.yaml -e myparameters.yaml
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field               | Value                                |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id                  | eb146b58-a00e-4d5c-897f-243d6c55c4ea |
| stack_name          | linkstack                            |
| description         | No description                       |
| creation_time       | 2020-04-30T14:22:51Z                 |
| updated_time        | None                                 |
| stack_status        | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS                   |
| stack_status_reason | Stack CREATE started                 |
+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
openstack stack list
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| ID                                   | Stack Name   | Stack Status    | Creation Time        | Updated Time         |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| eb146b58-a00e-4d5c-897f-243d6c55c4ea | linkstack    | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:22:51Z | None                 |
| ccc6b0a3-f690-479b-87fd-d36b1077f53c | myfirststack | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:08:58Z | None                 |
| c0e028fd-6d10-4bd5-b3a0-5b0509ded846 | simple-stack | UPDATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T13:06:57Z | 2020-04-30T13:39:28Z |
+--------------------------------------+--------------+-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+
openstack stack event list linkstack
2020-04-30 14:22:52Z [linkstack]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS  Stack CREATE started
2020-04-30 14:22:54Z [linkstack.fip]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS  state changed
2020-04-30 14:22:58Z [linkstack.link-server]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS  state changed
2020-04-30 14:22:59Z [linkstack.fip]: CREATE_COMPLETE  state changed
2020-04-30 14:23:19Z [linkstack.link-server]: CREATE_COMPLETE  state changed
2020-04-30 14:23:24Z [linkstack.fip_assoc]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS  state changed
2020-04-30 14:23:36Z [linkstack.fip_assoc]: CREATE_COMPLETE  state changed
2020-04-30 14:23:37Z [linkstack]: CREATE_COMPLETE  Stack CREATE completed successfully
openstack stack show linkstack
+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Field                 | Value                                                                                                                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id                    | eb146b58-a00e-4d5c-897f-243d6c55c4ea                                                                                       |
| stack_name            | linkstack                                                                                                                  |
| description           | No description                                                                                                             |
| creation_time         | 2020-04-30T14:22:51Z                                                                                                       |
| updated_time          | None                                                                                                                       |
| stack_status          | CREATE_COMPLETE                                                                                                            |
| stack_status_reason   | Stack CREATE completed successfully                                                                                        |
| parameters            | OS::project_id: 7f64b208cc8b4a5988317789af7f827f                                                                           |
|                       | OS::stack_id: eb146b58-a00e-4d5c-897f-243d6c55c4ea                                                                         |
|                       | OS::stack_name: linkstack                                                                                                  |
|                       | imgname: cirros-image                                                                                                      |
|                       | keyname: erol-keypair                                                                                                      |
|                       |                                                                                                                            |
| outputs               | - description: Floating IP address value                                                                                   |
|                       |   output_key: fip_address                                                                                                  |
|                       |   output_value: 172.30.152.22                                                                                              |
|                       |                                                                                                                            |
| links                 | - href: http://172.30.152.4:8004/v1/7f64b208cc8b4a5988317789af7f827f/stacks/linkstack/eb146b58-a00e-4d5c-897f-243d6c55c4ea |
|                       |   rel: self                                                                                                                |
|                       |                                                                                                                            |
| parent                | None                                                                                                                       |
| disable_rollback      | True                                                                                                                       |
| deletion_time         | None                                                                                                                       |
| stack_user_project_id | 0d97b86e82234c028d9c5f785aeeb3c9                                                                                           |
| capabilities          | []                                                                                                                         |
| notification_topics   | []                                                                                                                         |
| stack_owner           | None                                                                                                                       |
| timeout_mins          | None                                                                                                                       |
| tags                  | null                                                                                                                       |
|                       | ...                                                                                                                        |
|                       |                                                                                                                            |
+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
openstack stack output list linkstack
+-------------+---------------------------+
| output_key  | description               |
+-------------+---------------------------+
| fip_address | Floating IP address value |
+-------------+---------------------------+
openstack stack output show linkstack fip_address
+--------------+---------------------------+
| Field        | Value                     |
+--------------+---------------------------+
| description  | Floating IP address value |
| output_key   | fip_address               |
| output_value | 172.30.152.22             |
+--------------+---------------------------+
openstack stack resource list linkstack
+---------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| resource_name | physical_resource_id                 | resource_type                   | resource_status | updated_time         |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+----------------------+
| fip           | 732de760-891d-4684-9853-874527c8dfdf | OS::Nova::FloatingIP            | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:22:53Z |
| fip_assoc     | 4                                    | OS::Nova::FloatingIPAssociation | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:22:53Z |
| link-server   | 4174ee39-6dce-4683-8d7c-8e9a00dc9907 | OS::Nova::Server                | CREATE_COMPLETE | 2020-04-30T14:22:53Z |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------+----------------------+

30. 04. 202030. 04. 2020

Openstack telemetry: Ceilometer, Gnocchi and Aodh

In Openstack Ceilometer is the component that gathers data from the cloud and pre-processes it. It distinguishes between samples (CPU time) and events (creation of an instance). Resources, Meters and Samples are fundamental concepts in Ceilometer.

Samples are retrieved at regular intervals and if Ceilometar fails to get the sample it can be estimated by interpolation. Events are retrieved as they happen and cannot be estimated.

Ceilometer sends events to the a storage service, while samples are sent to a service named Gnocchi, which is optimized to handle large amount of time-series data.

Aodh gets measures from Gnocchi, checks whether certain conditions are met and triggers actions. This is the foundation for application auto-scaling.

Other uses for Gnocchi data are monitoring the health of the cloud and billing.

Ceilometer has three ways retrieving samples and events:

Services may voluntarily provide them by sending Ceilometer notification via Openstack’s messaging system. This is preferred way since it is based on internal knowledge that the service has about it’s resources and it is fast without much overhead and stress on the systems.
Ceilometer actively retrieves data via APIs which is a costly method for billing and alarming.
Ceilometer can get data by accessing sub-components of services such as the hypervisor that run the instances.

Second and third method are referred also as methods where Ceilometer “polls” the samples.

More details on Openstack telemetry can be found on this link:
https://docs.openstack.org/ceilometer/latest/admin/telemetry-measurements.html

While Ceilometer has resources, meters and samples Gnocchi has resources, metrics and measures. Gnocchi resource corresponds to Ceilometer resource. Metric is roughly equivalent to a meter in Ceilometer. Gnocchi does not store every metric value it receives from Ceilomter, but rather it combines values and stores the results at regular intervals according to Archive policy.

Listing gnocchi resources, metrics, measures:
Resources:
`gnocchi resource list gnocchi resource show UUID`
Metrics:
`gnocchi metric list* gnocchi metric show cpu --resource UUID`
Measures:
`gnocchi measures show cpu --resource UUID --start YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+00:00`

* Output will be empty for non-admin users.

Listing resources, metrics, measures with openstack client:
Resources:
`openstack metric resource list openstack metric resource show UUID`
Metrics:
`openstack metric metric list* openstack metric metric show cpu --resource UUID`
Measures:
`openstack metric measures show cpu --resource UUID --start YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+00:00`

* Output will be empty for non-admin users.

Aggregation:
Server grouping:
`openstack server create --property metering.server_group=Mail*`
Metrics aggregation:
`gnocchi measures aggregation --query server_group=Mail --resource-type=instance --aggregation mean -m cpu_util`

* For gnocchi all servers with ‘–property metering.server_group=Mail’ can be considered tagged.

Listing Ceilometer Events:
Event types are defined in a YAML type:
`/etc/ceilometer/event_definitions.yaml`
List event types, events and event details:
`ceilometer event-type-list` `ceilometer event-list` `ceilometer event-show EVENT_ID`

* For gnocchi all servers with ‘–property metering.server_group=Mail’ can be considered tagged.
** There is no option in horizon GUI to view events or statictics, but gnocchi visualisation can be provided by Grafana.

Example generating CPU and disk load and showing gnocchi measures:
Create two instances:
`openstack server create --image cirros-image --flavor 1 --nic net-id=... --user-data cpu.sh cpu-user` `openstack server create --image cirros-image --flavor 1 --nic net-id=... --user-data disk.sh disk-user`
Let the instances finish creating and leave them running for a while:
`openstack server list`
Show cpu usage measures from cpu-user server:
`gnocchi measures show cpu.delta --resource-id SERVER_UUID 795 gnocchi measures show cpu_util --resource-id SERVER_UUID`
Show disk usage measures from disk-user server:
`gnocchi measures show disk.read.requests --resource-id SERVER_UUID gnocchi measures show disk.read.requests.rate --resource-id SERVER_UUID`

* Files cpu.sh and disk.sh are your bash scripts to generate CPU load and disk load.
** Don’t forget to stop cpu-server and disk-server after you have finished, since they will continue to generate CPU and disk load.

Alarms:
An alarm has:
`Type Condition: depends on type Evaluation window State: OK/Alarm/Insufficient Data Actions for state transitions`
Condition example:
`mean cpu_util > 60 all resources tagged server_group=Mail`
Single Resource Threshold Alarm:
`openstack alarm create --name cpuhigh \ --type gnocchi_resources_threshold \ --aggregation-method mean --metric cpu_util \ --comparison-operator gt --threshold 30 \ --resource-type instance \ --resource-id INSTANCE_UUID \ --granularity 60 --evaluation-periods 2 \ --alarm-action http://127.0.0.1:1234 \ --ok-action http://127.0.0.1:1234`
Alarm based on resource aggregates:
`openstack alarm create --name cpuhigh \ --type gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold \ --aggregation-method mean --metric cpu_util \ --comparison-operator gt --threshold 30 \ --resource-type instance \ --query '{ "=": { "server_group" : "Mail" }}' \ --granularity 60 --evaluation-periods 2 \ --alarm-action http://127.0.0.1:1234 \ --ok-action http://127.0.0.1:1234`
Alarm commands:
`openstack alarm list openstack alarm show ALARM_ID openstack alarm-history show ALARM_ID openstack alarm state get ALARM_ID openstack alarm update ALARM_ID ...`